At an amateur level, the history of science transformed into social history, almost becoming a national hobby for the British middle class. On a professional level, science became a career for people to strive for, with modern universities like the University of London taking the lead in reforming the teaching methods of traditional universities, establishing scientific disciplines within the educational system, going to great lengths to secure public funding for scientific research, and striving to win prestigious professional status. In emerging industrial cities, science transformed into the vanguard of social reform through the promotion of public health movements.
